Holistic Approaches to Development Essay

My focus with this assignment will be on education as a whole and to demonstrate a knowledge of key legislation in respect of curricula and initiatives within the widening children’s education work-force. I will do this through relevant reading and understanding gained from personal experience, demonstrating a comprehension of the holistic nature of learning and how it is developed through age-appropriate activities. I intend to show an understanding of the types, role and functions of play. I will relate them to theoretical and practical models of play and learning practised at my setting, where the Primary Years Programme is implemented. The Primary Year Programme (PYP) takes a holistic approach in developing the complete child. Practitioners endeavour to deliver a curriculum that is relevant and meaningful to the child. Piaget suggests the principal goal of education is to create people who are capable of original thought and of being creative and not simply repeating what previous generations have done. The PYP is a Primary Curriculum recognised world-wide and the PYP for Early Childhood synthesizes insights of educational research pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner who maintained that education should be understood as the art of cultivating the moral, emotional, physical, psychological and spiritual dimensions of the developing child (J,1013). Play is child-centred activity that engages young children and promotes learning. Play is the means by which children make sense of the world and is an effective method of teaching young children. Play is a context for learning through which children organise and understand their social worlds as they actively engage with people, objects and representations. An holistic approach to education focuses on the whole child with care and education being of equal importance; and is known as a combined holistic approach. Montessori and Steiner are among the most important of the many education theorists who have influenced the way children are educated today. Learning through play is one of the key principles that they and other education theorists advocated. All children have the right to be in a safe and welcoming environment. Keeping children safe is of course â€Å"a non-negotiable element of any early years framework† (Tickell, 2011. ) In the United Kingdom there is a wide range of legislation enacted specifically with the aim of protecting children and their families. The safeguarding and welfare requirements are given legal force by The Early Years Foundation Stage (Welfare Requirements) Regulations. EYFS is the legal framework for the welfare and safeguarding of all young children from birth through to the end of the reception years in all types of early years education provision. Learning Outcome 1 -You will need to produce clear evidence of your knowledge and understanding of key, recent legislation ; current initiatives pertinent to your setting practice. You can demonstrate this by discussing what is encompassed within the initiatives currently informing practice and identifying the various curricula available to parents, children and settings e. g. National Curriculum, The Early Years Foundation Stage, Steiner Approach, Montessori etc. Higher grades will be awarded if you can demonstrate a critical awareness of the importance of the key legislation ; current initiatives pertinent to your chosen age range within the setting Learning Outcome 2 – You should show that you understand the nature and meaning of a holistic approach to learning and development, whilst recognising the need to provide strategies for incorporating a range of holistic age related curriculum-based learning activities, which help promote development through play and. You should also identify specific aspects of your age-related research as being of significance to holistic development and explain their importance. To improve the grade you must show that you have considered a wide and comprehensive range of strategies for incorporating holistic age related curriculum -based learning activities, which will help development through play and learning in the setting. Remember that the essay is intended to show your ability to integrate ideas and information drawn from a range of sources From early in the 20th century, a number of holistic approaches to early education have been put forward and refined (ref needed) . The most important principle of holistic education being to engender and nurture a sense of wonder in the child. Montessori, for example, spoke of â€Å"cosmic† education, which â€Å"helps the young person feel part of the wholeness of the universe, so that learning will be naturally enchanting and inviting† (Miller,2012 pg for a direct qoute). Holistic education is founded on the premise that each person finds identity, meaning, and purpose in life by connecting with the community, to the natural world and to spiritual values such as compassion and peace (J  ? author  ? , 2013). Miller date  ? describes holistic education as: â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. an attempt to return to the mysterious source of human creativity and authenticity for fresh inspiration. It seeks to enable the wholeness of the human being to emerge and develop as fully as possible. In contrast to progressive education, Holistic education sees the child as an emerging spiritual being within a larger planetary and cosmic ecology that extends beyond social and political realities. In Holistic education we must respond to the learner with an open, inquisitive mind, a loving heart and a sensitive understanding of the world he or she is growing into†¦.. † (Holistic Education, 2011). too long a qoute, break down into own words please While However, the Reggio Emilia approach to holistic education involves dealing with or rating the ‘whole’ of something or someone, and not just a part of the ‘whole’ (J  ? ,   2013). This approach also places great emphasis on artistic self-expression and engaged creativity. Miller (2006) suggests that while there is clearly no one method, after reviewing a number of different holistic teaching methodologies, he concluded that there are four key aspects of the holistic approach to teaching: Learning is organic, emergent, experimental and based on cooperation. There is a strong sense of community and engagement between children, parents and educators where those members feel strongly to care for one another There is a great respect for children’s inner life, with methods ranging from environmental spaces that facilitate time out of competitive nosier environments, to time to ask deeper questions about the meaning of life and spirituality. There are strong connections to nature, with the care and connection with the environment incorporated throughout the curriculum (Higgins, 2012) In keeping with a holistic approach, the Priamary Years Progra (PYP) curriculum is an inquiry-based transdisciplinary curriculum. Pre-planned teaching is facilitated only in so far as it initiates open-ended questioning and inquisitiveness. Children are given maximum opportunities for discovery. A child’s questions are an important part of what happens in a PYP classroom. The school aims to develop the whole child, so while developing academic knowledge and skills, we also develop a child’s social and emotional skills and understanding. Children are taught to be caring individuals and encouraged to make a positive difference in the world. The IB Learner Profile Attributes guides schools in their holistic approach to education and includes the social and emotional aspects of a child’s school life. The PYP teaches students that they can make a difference in their lives by being independent and making â€Å"good choices,† for example by turning lights off to save energy when leaving the classroom, or recycling materials to avoid unnecessary waste. Physical education too is an integral part of the PYP curriculum and provides vital opportunities for the physical, social, emotional and intellectual development of the child. In Nutbrown’s (2012 pg  ? ) review she asserts that, â€Å"high quality early education and childcare can have a positive long term impact on a child’s later learning and achievements. † Connecting with nature is important for a child’s spiritual development and should inform daily activity. Incorporating holistic activity into the early childhood classroom provides opportunities for children to connect with nature. Activities such as painting classes in a park or other open-air neighbourhood location expose children to nature, while painting on mirrors helps develop self-awareness and spirituality by encouraging creativity and the representation of ideas while having fun. These are all straightforward, uncomplicated, activities that encourage a child to be inquiring. Refs needed The extreme heat and humidity at certain times of the year in Hong Kong make it impractical to take children outside to explore and discover. When this happens, we do our best to bring the outside into the classroom. We use natural materials such as shells and leaaves to inspire and encourage creativity. We also provide tools more normally associated with adult usage, such as cameras, this to illustrate the point that children are competent and capable learners and able quickly to master relatively sophisticated technology. As our knowledge of each child increases and we become more familiar with his or her interests, we use this and festivals such as Diwali, Christmas and Thanksgiving to inform our planning This learning outcome requires you to show sound evidence of practical knowledge and understanding of theoretical and practical models of play and learning which incorporate examples of the different types, roles and functions of play in the widening children’s workforce setting. To improve you would need to demonstrate clear, concise, in depth evidence & knowledge/understanding, of the application of practical and theoretical models of play and learning. Incorporating a range of examples of the different types, roles and functions of play. Smidt (2011) argues that Play may be defined as the way children, within a context, a culture, a family or a community explore or experience something that excites and interests them and is fun. Through play, children learn to express or communicate their feelings (Smidt,2011. ) Wood (2005) further supports this viewpoint by stating that †¦Play activity entails a wide range of behaviour and may be found in different contexts and with multiple meanings for children and adults (Wood,2005. A holistic, place-based, approach to learning utilises the local community and environment to teach subjects across the curriculum, emphasising hands-on real life experiences. Ref here Blah Blah (2010) discusses how Various educational theorists have influenced the way young children are educated today. Among the most influential have been Rudolf Steiner and Maria Montessori ref. Both shared a belief in the importance of learning through their play. They believed that experimental learning through play was more effective teaching methods than ones that were directed and prescriptive ref. The Reggio Emilia approach, developed by Loris Malaguzzi,ref here emphasised the role of the child as a competent agent in his or her own learning. Within this setting, educators make informed choices about the pedagogical approaches and curriculum based on the theories and principles of Malaguzzi. There must be a reference or more within every paragraph to show where the info came from, it’s particularly important when discussing theory or viewpoints. Bruce (date) as cited in Smidt (date) clearly regards play as one of the most significant ways children learn. She refers to play as ‘an integrating mechanism. ’ When children are involved in self-chosen play, over which they have control of what they are doing, they are able to bring together many aspects of their learning, coordinating their activity in a way that brings about or creates new learning (Bruce, 1991 page ? ), enabling discovery and problem solving as the child becomes increasingly independent. There are play opportunities both inside the PYP (Primary Years Program) classroom and in the playground as the learning environment is equipped with material that provides for a range of creative learning. A PYP classroom reflects what Moyles (date) regards as one of the most significant aspects of play – that of ‘ownership,’ meaning that the child takes control over finding answers to questions that interest him or her. Wood 2005) recognizes that Play cannot always be easily defined or categorised because it is always context dependent and the contexts are varied (Wood,2005). Types of play cognitive play, involved play, passive play, pretend and socio-dramatic. She discusses this viewpoint further by stating The context of play will determine its nature and category, play is therefore ‘context-dependent (Wood, 2005). However, as the context varies, so will the nature of play in which the child engages: cognitive play, involved play, passive play, pretend play and Socio-dramatic play being the most important types. The physical development young children is also essential. Research has shown that physical activity in young children can enhance concentration, motivation, learning and well-being. Early Years educators use their knowledge of developmentally appropriate practice and the interests of the child to organise activities that provide opportunities for freedom of movement and physical stimulation. Refs needed throughout this paragraph Piaget, another theorist, (date, cited in? ) believed that play and imitation were an important feature of his theory. He saw play as almost pure assimilation without any attempt to adapt to outer reality (Wood, 2005). While Erikson ref thought the world of play was very important in the early stage of a child’s development, providing, as it did, a safe place for a child to work through conflicts in its life. Piaget, Erikson and Vygotsky ref all agreed that children use play as a way of teaching themselves. A child plays through situations very much as adults might think through a problem or difficult circumstances in which they find themselves. Children, of course, can more readily and naturally engage in fantasy play, when they delve into symbolic representations of objects and ideas by acting them out as part of a game or other form of play. ref Try to widen references from Wood, and use more than one ref in a paragraph. If you use the same source within a paragraph, you can use the term (ibid) which means ‘the same’ in Latin. You can only use it with the paragraph that you’ve cited the author e. g. Wood (2005) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ blah blah blah (ibid) Its important you are using wider reading within and throughout the work There should also be a conclusion, which shows awareness of good practice and professional development through the implementation of this module. Throughout the essay, you must show the ability to integrate a range of information, drawn from a wide and varied area of sources (LO 4) Learning Outcome 4 – You will need to draw upon a range of contemporary source materials to inform your individual research into the impact of current/pending government initiatives & legislative factors on early years settings and the resultant age-related curricula delivered. Educational & researched-based journal articles afford the best opportunity of achieving this. Use of tertiary sources and of web-based material is permitted but is unlikely to attract significant additional marks. Sourcing and researching other related material may also earn additional marks.

Village by the Sea

The Village By The Sea (1982) is a novel written by the popular Indian writer Anita Desai. It is based on the poverty, hardships and sorrow faced by a small rural community in India. [edit] Plot The Village by the Sea is set in a small village called Thul in Western India and focuses on a family trying to make ends meet. The main protagonists are Lila, the eldest child who is 13 years old, and her 12 year old brother Hari. They also have two younger sisters. They live with their mother, who has been chronically ill and is bed ridden.Their father is an alcoholic, which forces Hari and Lila to manage the family. With two younger sisters to take care of, life for Lila and Hari is too hard. Hari decides that he has had enough and leaves for Bombay to find work. Lila is left alone to take care of her family, and struggles to do so. Help comes from an unexpected source, the rich De Silvas. Meanwhile, Hari is new in the great city of Bombay and all alone. A kind watchman at an apartment whe re the De Silvas live, The Seabird, brings him to a restaurant owned by Jagu who gives Hari a job there.Hari builds a strong friendship with Mr. Panwallah, the lovable watchmaker. Through his experience with Mr. Panwallah and Jagu and the chain of events that take place in Bombay, Hari realizes that he could actually make a career as a watchmaker. Meanwhile, Lila, Bela and Kamal are forced to admit their sick mother in town hospital through the help of the De Silvas. Their father turns over a new leaf, and accompanies their mother throughout her 7 month treatment. Meanwhile Hari returns home to the changing environment.Anita Desai has explicitly described in her very own style of writing, how Hari in the dilapidated conditions of the Sri Krishna Eating House finds warmth and affection through Mr Panwallah-owner and watch mender of the Ding-Dong watch shop. Mr Panwallah instills confidence in Hari and comforts him when he is terribly home sick. He even gives Hari a vivid and inspirin g future and teaches him watch mending. This shows that even in one of the busiest, rickety and ramshackled cities such as Bombay there is still hope, love and affection. edit] Themes The themes in ‘The Village by the Sea' are: †¢ Harsh living conditions in India †¢ Adaptations to changing environments †¢ Poverty, hardships and sadness of rural Indians †¢ Hari as a central character of this and teaches how to fight hardships as there are good times and bad times in a person's life †¢ The building up of factories in the village Thul and how it has an impact on the villagers(Effects of â€Å"Urbanization†) †¢ Never giveup †¢ Determination †¢ Progress [ Village by the Sea Anyone who knows India knows how strong the vitality of spirit is here even under the worst circumstances. Continuing in this spirit, Anita Desai narrates, â€Å"I did not hide the pain, but I also wanted to communicate this capacity for enjoyment†. And this is what gives us ‘The Village By The Sea beautifully narrated by Anita Desai. It is the exemplary story of Thul, a small village north of Bombay along the coast where for centuries and centuries, life has been punctuated by the rhythms of small-scale agriculture and fishing.And then suddenly, in the seventies, comes the wave of â€Å"progress† in the form of an industrial plant: a large pesticide factory. The initial suspicion turns to hope for a better life in spite of the obvious danger to health because the economic aspect of existence is too central to afford to challenge such a great opportunity. The story brings into contact with the humanity of its inhabitants through the story of Lila and Hari, brother and sister, who get used to helping themselves and become the bread earners for their family comprising of a mother corroded by mysterious illness and an alcoholic father, along with two other small sisters.In the process they become witnesses of a literary radical change that has marked all over India in recent decades. The young Hari, comes to the city of dreams- Bombay to improve his condition and is faced with a new world. He gets engaged in the restaurant through the kind-hearted Jagu, who is also a poor fellow like him. The friendly Mr. Panwallah, a very kind and wealthy man helps him in all ways especially by teaching a craft that can improve the condition of his life and his family as also is the rich DeSilva, who, for no apparent reason, offer to accompany their mother in the hospital and to pay for the medicines.It is also one of the recurrent violence of nature, the monsoons, which make life difficult for the people especially those living in shacks crowded together in l arge cities. In the last pages of this novel lies with a similar (albeit attenuated) sense of helplessness: no one can stop the environmental pollution and destruction of an entire area, which will surely bring with it a general crisis of local residents. It ‘a story that points out a little' unusual India compared to what we are accustomed to imagine.In all this the author exercises impressive description of solidarity between the rich and the poor, which touches lives in the pure realization that life is good. It’s a way of saying that with good will and good luck â€Å"there it can be done† and you can build a better future with the running wheel of destiny continuing to improve as also worsen things. Anita Desai joins the chorus of writers in the complaint of a collective drama often passed unnoticed by the rest of the world.The trait is light and gentle, the characters do not cry, but the voice remains etched indelibly in the reader. What remains at the bott om is a strange sensation of the ongoing quest for survival. There is sweat and toil, there is suffering and there is joy. Everyone is determined by the karma and everything is as it should be. Everything appears inserted in the ongoing wheel of life, eternal change always equals to itself.

Urban Social Issues Concerning Tourism in PNG

This purpose of the research is to find out does squatter settlers is an impediment to tourism growth in Madang town. The social issues and problems arising in Madang town are always in relation to rising settlers (e. g. wagol, admin compound and govstoa). There are many factors of that can hinder tourism growth such as law and order problem, political unrest and the economy crisis of the country. In each province, they have their own problem or issues that can destroy their own image for example in Lae, pick pockets by street vendors.Tourism in Madang has been developing in a very rapid pace from the previous years and is one of model province in PNG. Alongside is the rise of mining industry outside Madang town, new businesses to cater for the new emerging industry such as the Marine Industry. All these development have cause settlements in Madang Town to increase. The research is to signify what are the main impacts of squatter settlements on tourism in Madang. The increase of sett lements in Madang can be result of tourism development and other recent industrial development such as the Ramu Nickel.Most of the people living in squatter settlements such as wagol, govstoa and admin compound are employed and contribute to the economy of Madang Province. However, most of the street sellers, pick picketers, drug dealers, beggers are also living in settlements. In addition, most tourism business in towns depends on its employees living in settlements. With the increase of social problems in Madang town are always the settlements are to be blame. This is a major barrier to the tourism industry as its give bad image to Madang Province and as Papua New Guinea.Moreover, living standards of settlements are in a very poor state such as wagol, gov stoa, and addressing this problem through tourism is a very challenging era of tourism industry. Hypothesis The hypothesis of this research is to find out why squatter settlers are main hindrance on tourism industry. If illegal s ettlers are to be blame for the rise of criminal activities in town, what are the impacts that might hinder tourism development? Is squatter settlement the only cause of social problems in destroying the status of Madang province as one of the major ourist destination in PNG? Apart from squatter settlers, are there other problems that are hindering tourism development in Madang Province? How can Madang provincial government and administration address the issue in relation to tourism and squatter settlements? Are there any links between tourism and squatter settlements in terms of community development through tourism? How can the provincial government intervene with tourism industry to solve this issue? The research needs to find out the challenges of tourism that might face through tourism development in Madang province.Decarmation of Terrain of Study Since the research is on the barrier between tourism and the settlers, the welfare of the people will be more considered in avoiding biased report. There could be limitations such as time to carry out the research, finance to fund the research and atmosphere where the research will be conducted. Defining of Terminology/Concepts The terminologies that will be use in this research will be tourism terms combined with social terms. It will be define clearly and explain accordingly to its origin.Most of the terms will be related to tourism and the social issues concerning its barrier to tourism development. Indication of the Importance/Significance of the Research The research should be taken because Madang town is experiencing the rise in domestic immigrants and illegal settlers. The tourism industry should consider the impacts of squatter settlements as they are seen as the contributing factor to criminal activities such daylight robbery, pickpockets, street sellers on the rise, pollution and poor living conditions.All this activities destroys the status of Madang and portray wrong image to the outside world. This research will determine well formulated strategies by the tourism industry and the Madang provincial government to minimize crime rates in Madang. Moreover, squatter settlers may not the only barriers to tourism and other industry development but an important part in the growth of the economy of Madang province. They also contribute to the growth of the economy which most of them are employed in the informal sector and formal sector.Literature Survey. David Kindak Gera (2003) does research on squatter settlement: A hindrance to socioeconomic development in Madang Town in partial fulfillment for the course requirements for the PG415 Research Dissertation in the Department of Arts/PNG Studies. He found out that Government departments and private employers see settlements and shanty towns as home of criminals, convicts, harlots and drugs addicts. As well as landowners blame settlers for the criminal activities done in Madang Town. These three stakeholders of Madang town development ent irely believe that settlements and slums are breeding grounds for rascal activities.He also argued that most people living in the settlements are decent citizen and do not get themselves involve in any criminal activities. Few of them especially the cognates and kinsmen who are seen as vagrants involve in criminal activities and tarnish the reputation and every settlement inhabitant seems to be the victim. The research done by David Kindak Gera is so significant to my research because it includes all point of views from three stakeholders on Squatter settlements spoiling the image image of madang town. John Connel and John Lea (2002) publish a book Urbanization in the Island Pacific towards sustainable development.They explore the diversity of the urban experience in the ten independent island states, focusing on strategies to secure long-term sustainable development. This book can help me formulate ideas and recommendations for tourism development alongside with squatter settlement s in Madang Town. According to the Papua New Guinea University of Technology, squatter settlements conference proceedings, Manandhar & Baloiloi (editors) presents the grips of the solution to the urban settlement crisis in Papua New Guinea that is becoming more and more acute in recent years.It hopes to help squatters in their quest for better living and in making cities a more livable place for everyone. These conference proceedings will help me in my research to create arguments on the current squatter settlements in Madang Town and how it could be manage in through tourism development. Resettlement Issues, Squatter Settlements and the Problems of Land Administration in Abuja, Nigeria’s Federal Capital research done by Ibrahim Usman JIBRIL, Nigeria This paper examines these problems and its implications on land administration in the FCT.It argues that policy inconsistencies as well as lack of serious efforts and political will by the government have militated against a last ing solution to these problems within the FCT. Until these issues are properly addressed, the implementation of the Master Plan would be a very difficult task to accomplish in the long run. It also examines the recent new Government approach involving all stakeholders. It is expected that once this programs succeed, it would serve as a model for future resettlement programs within the FCT and possibly for Nigeria in general.This literature could help indentify weakness and strength of the Government in handling the squatter settlements. Its also useful in formulating strategies for the Madang Provincial Government to tackle the issues of urban settlements destroying the image of tourism. For the purpose of this research, and in order to achieve the objectives will be collected and will be used both primary and secondary data. The secondary data will contribute toward the formation of background information, needed by in order to build constructively the project and the reader to com prehend more thoroughly the survey outcome.Research Method Primary data will be collected in two ways. Firstly, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with the local landowners. Secondly, interviews will be also carried out with providers of accommodation services and members of the local authority and if possible the visiting tourists. The main purpose of this study is to obtain an insight into the current development of rural tourism in the area of Bialla in order to propose further recommendations for efficient rural development.

The Role of Epigenetic Events in Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Epigenetic Events in Cancer - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that most CpG sites have been lost from mammalian genomes during evolution, but in about 1% of human DNA consists of short areas where CpG sites have escaped depletion. Repetitive sequences of the human genome contain approximately 50% of all CpGs. Similar values are expected for other mammalian genomes. In contrast to CpG islands repetitive elements are thought to be constantly methylated. DNA methylation of most repetitive elements is maintained throughout development and even maintained during germ cell development. Methylated cytosines are more prone to fixate mutations compared with cytosine, C to T transitions occur frequently at methylated CpGs within repetitive elements. In consequence, this leads to an overall depletion of CpGs in repetitive elements and hence the bulk genome and an overall CpG deficit in mammalian genomes. CpG dinucleotide sequences are frequently the target of a chemical modification known as DNA methylation. The covalent modificatio n of the cytosine ring by a family of enzymes called DNA methyltransferases converts cytosines that are located 5 to guanosines to 5-methylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine has a propensity to undergo deamination to become uracil, which in turn becomes a thymidine during the next round of DNA replication if the deaminated base has not been repaired. The resulting C to T transition is mirrored by a corresponding G to A transition on the complementary DNA strand. As a result of methylation and subsequent deamination, CpG dinucleotide sequences have been progressively lost from the human genome over the course of many generations. Thus, the hypermutability of CpG sequences has led to a relative paucity of CpG sites in the human genome. The CpG dinucleotides that are the targets of DNA methyltransferases are distributed asymmetrically throughout the genome. Most regions of the genome have been depleted of CpG sites by spontaneous deamination.

Assistance at National Investment and Insurance Essay

Assistance at National Investment and Insurance - Essay Example As the discussion declares an evolution of the concept of motivation is briefly outlined along with the major theories to enhance the perspective regarding the present context as well as justify the identification of the lack of motivation as the fundamental problematic for the ITS of NII. Based on the theories of motivation, two features of the part-time employment policy – no dependence of pay on performance and the lack of information regarding intrinsic benefits of working part-time in terms of future full time employment possibility, are identified as the fundamental problems that create an environment that does not provide any incentives to perform better. The report suggests redesigning the employment scheme and making a part of the pay dependent upon performance, i.e., introducing financial rewards as incentives to perform better as the first step. Secondly, it is suggested to introduce the intrinsic reward of higher possibility of being offered full-time employment gi ven higher performance. The subject of the given case study entitled â€Å"Assistance at National Investment and insurance† is the sub-optimality of the service provided by the employees of the IT support (ITS) section identified to be Assistance Officers (AOs) and the resulting performance of the department in totality. The study reports that from a survey conducted on National Investment and insurance (NII) employees who utilized services of the IT support section regarding the performance of the AOs emerged to be less than satisfactory. Apart from delayed responses and resolutions, unfriendly or mechanical attitudes were reported though surprisingly, the considerable majority of the problems addressed were

PREPARING THE FEASIBILITY STUDY 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PREPARING THE FEASIBILITY STUDY 2 - Essay Example This aids in determining whether or not the project is valuable to the organization. Furthermore, CBA is useful to the organization as it gives them a clear picture of the CBR (cost, benefit and risks) which can also be used in comparing alternate investments that can be rolled out by the organization (FreeTutes 1). CBA determines the benefits as well as the savings anticipated from the system and compares it with estimated project cost. There are several examples of cost lifecycle including; personnel, supplies, equipment, overheads and consultants’ fees (Plowman 1). Costs can also be broadly divided into two broad categories which are development and operating costs. Development costs includes wages and equipment, while operating cost includes supplies and overhead costs. Maintenance also is cost intensive, and should be checked on in the future to avoid any losses from the project. It should be noted that maintenance fees are required to ensure that the machines are up and running at all times (FreeTutes 1). CBA has a three parts associated with it. First, the potential costs to be incurred, secondly, anticipated benefits associated with the proposed actions and finally, the difference to determine if the project is feasible (+results) or non-feasible (-results) (Plowman 1). The procedure to be followed when doing a CBA includes evaluation of the projects’ benefits and cost. To effectively achieve a perfect CBA, the team leader of the project must take into consideration the steps one has to follow. Includes brainstorming the costs and benefits of doing the project. The list of all the costs and benefits should be made available while undertaking the study. They should also think of unexpected cost during the process. The next step involves assigning the monetary value to the cost and these includes the resources required, that of human effort used. This is relatively easy to come up with the estimates. Step three is assigning

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 12

Assignment Example The difference between the market value per share and the book value per share suggest that the stock at its current is bargain because the stocks are undervalued as the company is trading far much below its book value. The company therefore has a potential for future growth. The loan should be approved. Even though the company is performing below the industry average, it has a potential for future growth. The company has a relatively higher times interest earned hence is able to pay its interest expense with its operating income with ease. The company has a relatively higher working capital implying that it is relatively liquid hence can meet its short-term obligations as they become due with lots of ease. The company only needs to improve its efficiency in using shareholders money and assets for it to reach the level of other companies in the industry. The company’s current assets have increased from 39.92% last year to 45.61% this year. This implies an increase in liquidity of the firm hence ability to meet its short term debt obligations. However, the company’s current assets have increased as well but with a low margin compared to the increase in current liabilities. The company is relatively efficient in its operations. It has reduced its expenses thus increasing its operating income when compared to last year. This translates to the high net income compared to last year. The company has relatively steady overall results as it has relatively small changes in its financials. For instance, the net income has increased by only 1.29% from 4.04% in last year to 5.33% this year. The company therefore has a relatively stable

Does God exists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does God exists - Essay Example Similarly, God as an entity has the existence-in-understanding and can be conceived to subsist actually. From the above arguments, it can be stated that there exists God who regulates the functioning of this universe and He is beyond the imagination that an individual can conceive (Palmer 250-300; Cicovacki 90-100). On the contrary, many philosophers including Sà ¶ren Kierkegaard argued that there is no rational evidence for God’s existence. Kierkegaard’s passion argument signifies that the feature of religiousness is infinite passion. This infinite passion requires objective improbability. It has been argued that there persist objective improbability and at least one belief of objective improbability required to be true in order to attain the goal of religious passion. Kierkegaard‘s postmen argument proclaims that authentic religious faith cannot have an objective justification which is subjected to possible future revision. This also supports non-subsistence of God (Adams, â€Å"Kierkegaards Arguments against Objective Reasoning in Religion†). Cain and Abel were the sons of Adam and Eve. Cain used to farm while Abel was interested to roam with his flocks. God told Cain and Abel that these sacrifice reflect the time of Jesus becoming a man and die as the Lamb of God for the sins of the world. Abel loyally got a young lamb as a sacrifice for his sins but Cain though it was needless to obey God’s command. So, Cain fetched an offering of his works and sacrificed his harvest while Abel sacrificed lambs. God find the sacrifice made by Cain to be offensive while Abel’s sacrifice to be pleasing. Abel tried to reason Cain but he murdered him. On this, God manifested curse upon Cain and when Cain protested about his verdict, God placed a mark upon him so as not to take revenge by the future generation for the first homicide (American Patriot Friends Network, â€Å"The

Destination Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Destination Management - Coursework Example The interface between sex tourism and business developments offer an unlimited point of reference and this provides total development of the sector. (Hughes, 5) There is growing access to cities, beaches and a host of places which were thought to be very unproductive. There is abundance of benefits that sex tourism brings and this is fully dependent on the community’s perception and the political landscape. The international travel facilitates sex tourism across popular destinations. Further, there are various places that are actively involved in promoting sex tourism and this offers specific reason why you should embrace all that it offers. While examining the reasons why sex tourism is gaining ground, you should look at beliefs and tradition and how it provides stimulus to the economy. As such, the process of tourism development is truly dependent on what many people expect, including the changing trend in woman’s understanding of sex. (Ritcher, 1) Tourism classification according to ethnicity provides a focus for people to forely understand and define the levels of fulfilling tourism trends. Ethnic group’s participation in tourism activities would be classified according to holiday-taking experiences and this when compared to white population; the results demonstrate a huge margin. Many factors influence minority groups and this hugely explain why their tourism levels are low. Most importantly, it is thought that most of these groups get minimal earnings and this is comparatively low and well below the required scale. Further, there is a remarkable higher unemployment rate among these groups. The relevance of employment among the minority has taken a big trend and this brings about a negative impact on their financial positions. There are several cases of poor living conditions and which are not attractive and which do not provide for adequate support for their outings and general touring.

Ethics in the accounting field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics in the accounting field - Research Paper Example ..4 Ethics in Accounting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 The Scope of Ethics in Accounting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Issues with Accounting & Ethics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 How these Challenges are Affecting the Profession†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Executive Summary Like most professions, accountants are expected to work within morally acceptable systems in their decision-making and operations. Ethics is so crucial in accounting because accounting is involved with the control, distribution and documentation of financial transactions. Accountants therefore need to be regulated by very serious ethical standards which are monitored by professional accounting bodies. In practice though, accountants fail to meet the ethical standards and frameworks stipulated for them. This has led to so many corporate scandals like the Enron and Arthur-Anderson scandal. There are four main causes for this, identified in the paper. They include: inherent lack of ethical awareness amongst accounting students and practicing accountants. External causes for unethical behavior amongst accountants include shareholder pressures as well as the existence of loopholes in accounting standards. This paper recommends that ethics in accounting should be an integral part in the training of accountants. Accounting professionals should also be given refresher training and proper regulation to ensure that they are ethical in their behavior. Additionally, accounting standards should be institutionalized in statutes to make it less susceptible to manipulation. Finally, there should be a good effort to eliminate grey areas found in ethical standards to keep accountants focused on honoring ethical standards whilst they work. Introduction Ethics is an important part of the accounting profession. It is therefore necessary for people who study accounting to have a firm grasp of the ethical framework of accounting to become good accountants in practice. However, over the past decades, there have been a blatant disregard for ethics in the field of accounting and this is always connected either directly or indirectly to the blatant disregard for accounting ethics (McPhail & Walters, 2009). The Enron & Arthur-Anderson collapse can be attributed to the complete disregard for ethics on the part of accountants and managers. This paper identifies the causes of massive disregard for ethics in the accounting profession and its effects to the various stakeholders. It goes further to make recommendations about how best accountants can be made more responsive to ethics in their routine activities. Ethics in Accounting Ferrell et al (2009) defined ethics as a way of incorporating moral judgment and rules of conduct into a given profession. This therefore means that ethics is linked to the use of moral standards to ensure that the decisions and activities of a professional are acceptable by the wider society. In order to define and institutionalize ethics, professions have come up with their own codes to ensure that these ethics are standardized and people are kept in check in their routine professional activities. The accounting field is no exception to the general rule. Accountants need some rules that â€Å"determine the attitudes and procedures of the accountant in relation to the client and to the general